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利用調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒饧夹g(shù)，測(cè)量野外自然水體或培養(yǎng)的微藻樣品的光合作用（葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)加淬滅分析、光響應(yīng)曲線等），也可測(cè)量葉綠素含量，是進(jìn)行野外光合作用研究的良好工具。除了測(cè)浮游植物外，可擴(kuò)展探頭測(cè)量附著藻類或大型藻類。除了取水樣到樣品杯中測(cè)量外，可擴(kuò)展探頭進(jìn)行水下原位、連續(xù)測(cè)量，特別適合于連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)海洋、湖泊、水庫(kù)、河流等水體的葉綠素含量以及光合活性。

主要功能

1）可測(cè)熒光誘導(dǎo)曲線并進(jìn)行淬滅分析

2）可測(cè)光響應(yīng)曲線和快速光曲線（RLC）

3）可測(cè)水樣的葉綠素a濃度

4）可測(cè)量水樣的下列光合指標(biāo)活性：

* 光合效率和光合速率（相對(duì)電子傳遞速率）

* 藻類的潛在**光合效率（“生長(zhǎng)潛能”）

* 藻類的光保護(hù)能力

* 藻類耐受強(qiáng)光的能力

5）51個(gè)內(nèi)置模式菜單，方便參數(shù)設(shè)置和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)量

6）系統(tǒng)I用于浮游植物研究，系統(tǒng)II用于大型藻類研究，系統(tǒng)III用于連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)水體光合作用

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

測(cè)量野外自然水樣或?qū)嶒?yàn)室培養(yǎng)的微藻樣品的光合作用，三套系統(tǒng)可供選擇，可應(yīng)用于水生生物學(xué)、水域生態(tài)學(xué)、海洋學(xué)、湖沼學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，檢測(cè)限達(dá)0.1 μgChl/L。可用于有害藻華的早期預(yù)警。與PHYTO-PAM的**區(qū)別在于，WATER-PAM不能進(jìn)行浮游植物分類。

測(cè)量參數(shù)

Fo， Fm， Fv/Fm， F， Fm'， Fo'， Y(II)=ΔF/Fm'， qP， qN， NPQ， ETR，alpha，ETRmax， Ik， PAR和Chla含量等

主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

測(cè)量光：3個(gè)波長(zhǎng)為650 nm的LED陣列

光化光：12個(gè)波長(zhǎng)為660 nm的LED陣列，**連續(xù)光強(qiáng)2000 μmol m^-2 s^-1。

飽和脈沖：12個(gè)波長(zhǎng)為660 nm的LED陣列，**閃光強(qiáng)度4000 μmol m^-2 s^-1。

信號(hào)檢測(cè)：光電倍增管檢測(cè)器（H6779-01，Hamamatsu），過(guò)載保護(hù)功能，檢測(cè)信號(hào)λ>710 nm。

數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)：CMOS RAM 128 KB，可存儲(chǔ)4000組數(shù)據(jù)。

部分文獻(xiàn)

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2.Claquin P， Longphuirt SN， Fouillaron P， Huonnic P， Ragueneau O， Klein C， Leynaert A: Effects of simulated benthic fluxes on phytoplankton dynamic and photosynthetic parameters in a mesocosm experiment (Bay of Brest， France). Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science2010， 86:93-101.[WATER-PAM]

3.Deblois CP， Juneau P: Relationship between photosynthetic processes and microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa grown under different photon irradiances. Harmful Algae2010， 9:18-24.[WATER-PAM]

4.Guan W， Gao K: Impacts of UV radiation on photosynthesis and growth of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae). Environmental and Experimental Botany2010， 67:502-508.[WATER-PAM]

5.Guan W-C， Gao K-S: Enhanced calcification ameliorates the negative effects of UV radiation on photosynthesis in the calcifying phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi Chinese Science Bulletin2010， 55(7):588-593.[WATER-PAM]

6.Helbling EW， Pérez DE， Medina CD， Lagunas MG， Villafañe VE: Phytoplankton distribution and photosynthesis dynamics in the Chubut River estuary (Patagonia， Argentina) throughout tidal cycles Limnology and Oceanography2010， 55(1):55-65.[WATER-PAM]

7.Ji C-F， Legrand J， Pruvost J， Chen Z-A， Zhang W: Characterization of hydrogen production by Platymonas Subcordiformis in torus photobioreactor International Journal of Hydrogen Energy2010:in press.[WATER-PAM]

8.Korbee N， Mata M， Figueroa F: Photoprotection mechanisms against ultraviolet radiation in Heterocapsa sp. (Dinophyceae) are influenced by nitrogen availability: Mycosporine-like amino acids vs. xanthophyll cycle Limnology and Oceanography2010， 55(2):899-908.[WATER-PAM]

9.Tanabe Y， Ohtani S， Kasamatsu N， Fukuchi M， Kudoh S: Photophysiological responses of phytobenthic communities to the strong light and UV in Antarctic shallow lakes Polar Biology2010， 33(1):85-100.[WATER-PAM]

10.Xiao Y， Liu Y， Wang G， Hao Z， An Y: Simulated microgravity alters growth and microcystin production in Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanophyta) Toxicon2010:in press.[WATER-PAM]

11.夏建榮， 田其然， 高坤山: 經(jīng)濟(jì)海藻紅毛菜原位光合作用日變化. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2010， 30(6):1524-1531.[WATER-PAM]

12.Buma AGJ， Sjollema SB， van de Poll WH， Klamer HJC， Bakkerb\ JF: Impact of the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 on marine phytoplankton species Journal of Sea Research2009， 61(3):133-139.[PAM-2000， WATER-PAM]

13.Coelho H， Calado R， Olaguer-Feliú AO， Vieira S， Queiroga H， Serôdio J: Nondestructive quantification of phytoplankton gut content of brachyuran crab megalopae using in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence. Journal of Plankton Research2009， 31:577-581.[WATER-PAM]

14.Drath M， Baier K， Forchhammer K: An alternative methionine aminopeptidase， MAP-A， is required for nitrogen starvation and high-light acclimation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Microbiology2009， 155:1427-1439.[WATER-PAM]

15.Fredersdorf J， Müller R， Becker S， Wiencke C， Bischof K: Interactive effects of radiation， temperature and salinity on different life history stages of the Arctic kelp Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae) Oecologia2009， 160(3):483-492.[PAM-2100， WATER-PAM]

16.Gao Y， Xiong W， Li X-b， Gao C-F， Zhang Y-l， Li H， Wu Q-y: Identification of the proteomic changes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 following prolonged UV-B irradiation. Journal of Experimental Botany2009， 60(4):1141-1154.[WATER-PAM]

17.Gradinger R: Sea-ice algae: Major contributors to primary production and algal biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during May/June 2002. DeepSeaResearch2009， 56:1201-1212.[WATER-PAM]

18.Harada H， Vila-Costa M， Cebrian J， Kiene RP: Effects of UV radiation and nitrate limitation on the production of biogenic sulfur compounds by marine phytoplankton Aquatic Botany2009， 90(1):37-42.[WATER-PAM]

19.Kromkamp JC， Beardall J， Sukenik A， Kopeck J， Masojidek J， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S， Shaham E， Yamshon A: Short-term variations in photosynthetic parameters of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in two types of outdoor mass cultivation systems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56:309-322.[DUAL-PAM， Flow-Through WATER-PAM]

20.Kunz H-H， Scharnewski M， Feussner K， Feussner I， Flügge U-I， Fulda M， Gierth M: The ABC Transporter PXA1 and Peroxisomal -Oxidation Are Vital for Metabolism in Mature Leaves of Arabidopsis during Extended Darkness The Plant Cell2009， 21:2733-2749.[IMAGING-PAM， WATER-PAM]

21.Mackey KRM， Rivlin T， Grossman AR， Post AF， Paytan A: Picophytoplankton responses to changing nutrient and light regimes during a bloom. Marine Biology2009， 156(8):1531-1546.[WATER-PAM]

22.Manes SS， Gradinger R: Small scale vertical gradients of Arctic ice algal photophysiological properties. Photosynthesis Research2009， 102(1):53-66.[WATER-PAM]

23.Obata M， Toda T， Taguchi S: Using chlorophyll fluorescence to monitor yields of microalgal production Journal of Applied Phycology2009， 21(3):315-319.[WATER-PAM]

24.Paytan A， Mackey KRM， Chen Y， Lima ID， Doney SC， Mahowald N， Labiosa R， Post AF: Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2009， 106:4601-4605.[WATER-PAM]

25.Ran C， Zhang F， Sun H， Zhao B: Effect of culture medium on hydrogen production by sulfur-deprived marine green algae Platymonas subcordiformis Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering2009， 14(6):835-841.[WATER-PAM]

26.Roleda MY， Campana GL， Wiencke C， Hanelt D， Quartino ML， Wulff A: Sensitivity of antarctic Urospora penicilliformis (Ulotrichales， Chlorophyta) to ultraviolet radiation is life-stage dependent. Journal of Phycology2009， 45:600-609.[WATER-PAM]

27.Sukenik A， Beardall J， Kromkamp JC， Kopeck J， Masojídek J， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S， Shaham E， Yamshon A: Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a widerange of environmental conditions. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56(2-3):297-308.[DUAL-PAM-100， FLOW THROUGH WATER-PAM]

28.van de Poll WH， Janknegt PJ， van Leeuwe MA， Visser RJW， Buma AGJ: Excessive irradiance and antioxidant responses of an Antarctic marine diatom exposed to iron limitation and to dynamic irradiance Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2009， 94(1):32-37.[WATER-PAM]

29.Wu H， Gao K， Wu H: Responses of a marine red tide alga Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) to long-term UV radiation exposures. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2009， 94:82-86.[WATER-PAM]

30.陳書秀， 梁英: 光照強(qiáng)度對(duì)雨生紅球藻葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约拔r青素含量的影響. 南方水產(chǎn)2009， 5(1):1-8.[WATER-PAM]

31.賴永忠， 高坤山: 陽(yáng)光紫外輻射對(duì)室內(nèi)水培發(fā)狀念珠藻生理特性的影響. 水生生物學(xué)報(bào)2009， 33(3):435-441.[WATER-PAM]

32.梁英， 馮力霞， 田傳遠(yuǎn): 高溫脅迫對(duì)球等鞭金藻3011和8701葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊? 水產(chǎn)學(xué)報(bào)2009， 33(1):37-44.[WATER-PAM]

33.朱喜鋒， 鄒定輝， 簡(jiǎn)建波， 陳偉洲， 劉慧慧， 杜虹: 龍須菜對(duì)重金屬銅脅迫的生理響應(yīng). 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2009， 20(6):1438-1444.[WATER-PAM]

34.Bailey S， Melis A， Mackey KRM， Cardol P， Finazzi G， Dijken Gv， Berge GM， Arrigo K， Shrager J， Grossman A: Alternative photosynthetic electron flow to oxygen in marine Synechococcus Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2008， 1777(3):269-276.[DUAL-PAM-100， WATER-PAM]

35.Drath M， Kloft N， Batschauer A， Marin K， Novak J， Forchhammer K: Ammonia triggers photodamage of photosystem II in the cyanobacteriumSynechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Plant Physiology2008， 147:206-215.[WATER-PAM]

36.Gao K， Li P， Watanabe T， Helbling EW: Combined effects of ultraviolet radiation and temperature on morphology， photosynthesis， and DNA of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta). Journal of Phycology2008， 44(3):777-786.[WATER-PAM]

37.Gao K， Ma Z: Photosynthesis and growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta) in response to solar UV radiation， with special reference to its minor variant. Environmental and Experimental Botany2008， 63(1-3):123-129.[WATER-PAM]

38.Goto N， Kihira M， Ishida N: Seasonal distribution of photosynthetically active phytoplankton using pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry in the large monomictic Lake Biwa， Japan. Journal of Plankton Research2008， 30(10):1169-1177.[WATER-PAM]

39.Guan W， Gao K: Light histories influence the impacts of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and growth in a marine diatom， Skeletonema costatum. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2008， 91(2-3):151-156.[WATER-PAM]

40.Guo Z， Chen Z， Zhang W， Yu X， Jin M: Improved hydrogen photoproduction regulated by carbonylcyanide m -chlorophenylhrazone from marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis grown in CO2-supplemented air bubble column bioreactor Biotechnology Letters2008， 30(5):877-883.[WATER-PAM]

41.Hill R， Ralph PJ: Impact of bleaching stress on the function of the oxygen evolving complex of zooxanthellae from scleractinian corals. Journal of Phycology2008， 44(2):299-310.[WATER-PAM]

42.Mojaat M， Foucault A， Pruvost J， Legrand J: Optimal selection of organic solvents for biocompatible extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina Journal of Biotechnology2008， 133(4):433-441.[WATER-PAM]

43.梁英， 陳書秀， 田傳遠(yuǎn)， 王燕: 溫度對(duì)三角褐指藻葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约吧L(zhǎng)的影響. 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2008， 38(3):377-383.[WATER-PAM]

44.梁英， 金月梅， 田傳遠(yuǎn): 磷限制及恢復(fù)對(duì)小球藻葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊? 南方水產(chǎn)2008， 4(4):1-7.[WATER-PAM]

45.梁英， 金月梅， 田傳遠(yuǎn): 氮磷濃度對(duì)綠色巴夫藻生長(zhǎng)及葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)的影響. 海洋湖沼通報(bào)2008:122-128.[WATER-PAM]

46.梁英， 王帥， 馮力霞， 田傳遠(yuǎn): 重金屬脅迫對(duì)纖細(xì)角毛藻生長(zhǎng)及葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊? 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2008， 38(1):59-67.[WATER-PAM]

47.劉樹霞， 鄒定輝， 徐軍田， 高坤山: 不同N水平條件下羊棲菜對(duì)陽(yáng)光輻射的響應(yīng). 海洋通報(bào)2008， 27(6):44-51.[WATER-PAM]

48.冉春秋， 張衛(wèi)， 虞星炬， 金美芳: 硫與間氯苯腙對(duì)海水綠藻Platymonas subcordiformis光照產(chǎn)氫特性的影響. 太陽(yáng)能學(xué)報(bào)2008， 29(8):944-949.[WATER-PAM]

49.尹翠玲， 梁英， 張秋豐: 氮濃度對(duì)球等鞭金藻3011和8701葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约吧L(zhǎng)的影響. 水產(chǎn)科學(xué)2008， 27(1):27-31.[WATER-PAM]

50.鄭陽(yáng)， 陳兆安， 傅赟彬， 陸洪斌， 張衛(wèi): 亞心形四爿藻培養(yǎng)和產(chǎn)氫過(guò)程一體化平板光生物反應(yīng)系統(tǒng). 高等學(xué)校化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2008， 29(11):2209-2212.[WATER-PAM]

51.Ekelund NGA， Aronsson KA: Changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence in Euglena gracilis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after exposure to wood-ash Environmental and Experimental Botany2007， 59(1):92-98.[WATER-PAM]

52.Gao K， Guan W， Helbling EW: Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis of the marine red tide alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2007， 86(2):140-148.[WATER-PAM]

53.Gao K， Yu H， Brown MT: Solar PAR and UV radiation affects the physiology and morphology of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2007， 89(2-3):117-124.[WATER-PAM]

54.Geoffroy L， Gilbin R， Simon O， Floriani M， Adam C， Pradines C， Cournac L， Garnier-Laplace J: Effect of selenate on growth and photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Aquatic Toxicology2007， 83(2):149-158.[WATER-PAM]

55.Hill R， Ralph PJ: Post-bleaching viability of expelled zooxanthellae from the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series2007， 352:137-144.[WATER-PAM]

56.Kromkamp JC， Perkins R， Dijkman N， Consalvey M， Andres M， Reid RP: Resistance to burial of cyanobacteria in stromatolites. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2007， 48(2):123-130.[WATER-PAM， DIVING-PAM]

57.Kudela RM， Ryan JP， Blakely MD， Lane JQ， Peterson TD: Linking the physiology and ecology of Cochlodinium to better understand harmful algal bloom events: A comparative approach Harmful Algae2007， 7(3):278-292.[WATER-PAM]

58.Leu E， Falk-Petersen S， Hessen DO: Ultraviolet radiation negatively affects growth but not food quality of arctic diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography2007， 52(2):787-797.[WATER-PAM]

59.McMinn A， Ryan KG， Ralph PJ， Pankowski A: Spring sea ice photosynthesis， primary productivity and biomass distribution in eastern Antarctica， 2002-2004 Marine Biology2007， 151(3):985-995.[WATER-PAM]

60.Perkins RG， Kromkam JC， Reid RP: Importance of light and oxygen for photochemical reactivation in photosynthetic stromatolite communities after natural sand burial. Marine Ecology Progress Series2007， 349:23-32.[WATER-PAM]

61.Ralph PJ， Ryan KG， Martin A， Fenton G: Melting out of sea ice causes greater photosynthetic stress in algae than freezing in. Journal of Phycology2007， 43(5):948-956.[WATER-PAM]

62.Richter P， Helbling W， Streb C， Häder D-P: PAR and UV Effects on Vertical Migration and Photosynthesis inEuglena gracilis. Photochemistry and Photobiology2007， 83(4):818-823.[WATER-PAM]

63.Roleda MY， Zacher K， Wulff A， Hanelt D， Wiencke C: Photosynthetic performance， DNA damage and repair in gametes of the endemic Antarctic brown alga Ascoseira mirabilis exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Austral Ecology2007， 32(8):917-926.[WATER-PAM]

64.Schaeffer BA， Kamykowski D， McKay L， Sinclair G， Milligan EJ: A comparison of photoresponse among ten different Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae) isolates. Journal of Phycology2007， 43(4):702-714.[WATER-PAM]

65.Schmitt-Jansen M， Altenburger R: The use of pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence-based methods to evaluate effects of herbicides in microalgal systems of different complexity Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry2007， 89(4):665-681.[PHYTO-PAM， WATER-PAM， MICROSCOPY-PAM]

66.Veldhuis MJW， Timmermans KR: Phytoplankton dynamics during an in situ iron enrichment experiment (EisenEx) in the Southern Ocean: a comparative study of field and bottle incubation measurements. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2007， 47(2):191-208.[WATER-PAM]

67.Villafane VE， Gao K， Li P， Li G， Walter Helbling E: Vertical mixing within the epilimnion modulates UVR-induced photoinhibition in tropical freshwater phytoplankton from southern China. Freshwater Biology2007， 52(7):1260-1270.[WATER-PAM]

68.Wulff A， Zacher K， Hanelt D， Al-Handal A， Wiencke C: UV radiation - a threat to Antarctic benthic marine diatoms? Antarctic Science2007， 20:13-20.[DIVING-PAM， WATER-PAM]

69.Zacher K， Roleda MY， Hanelt D， Wiencke C: UV effects on photosynthesis and DNA in propagules of three Antarctic seaweeds (Adenocystis utricularis， Monostroma hariotii and Porphyra endiviifolium) Planta2007， 225(6):1505-1516.[WATER-PAM]

70.關(guān)萬(wàn)春， 高坤山: 陽(yáng)光紫外輻射對(duì)兩種微藻類光化學(xué)效率的影響. 水生生物學(xué)報(bào)2007， 31(4):594-599.[WATER-PAM]

71.梁英， 馮力霞， 田傳遠(yuǎn)， 王帥: 高溫脅迫對(duì)鹽藻和塔胞藻葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)的影響. 中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)2007， 14(6):961-968.[WATER-PAM]

72.梁英， 尹翠玲， 江新琴， 于云芝: 硅濃度對(duì)纖細(xì)角毛藻和三角褐指藻生長(zhǎng)及葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊? 海洋水產(chǎn)研究2007， 28(5):89-94.[WATER-PAM]

73.劉遠(yuǎn)， 陳兆安， 陸洪斌， 劉長(zhǎng)發(fā)， 金美芳， 郭禎， 張衛(wèi): 亞心形扁藻培養(yǎng)基的優(yōu)化及光合特性. 過(guò)程工程學(xué)報(bào)2007， 7(6):1197-1201.[WATER-PAM]

74.尹翠玲， 梁英， 馮力霞， 曹春暉: 氮濃度對(duì)鹽生杜氏藻和纖細(xì)角毛藻葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约吧L(zhǎng)的影響. 海洋湖沼通報(bào)2007:101-110.[WATER-PAM]

75.尹翠玲， 梁英， 張秋豐: 磷濃度對(duì)球等鞭金藻3011和8701葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约吧L(zhǎng)的影響. 海洋湖沼通報(bào)2007:88-95.[WATER-PAM]

76.尹翠玲， 梁英， 張秋豐: 磷濃度對(duì)鹽生杜氏藻和纖細(xì)角毛藻葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦约吧L(zhǎng)的影響. 水產(chǎn)科學(xué)2007， 26(3):154-159.[WATER-PAM]

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